The role of micronutrient and immunomodulation effect in the vaccine era of COVID-19.

Different dietary nutrients have distinct effects, including enhancing immune response activity and supporting mucous membrane integrity. These effects are critical in fighting against pathogenic agents, which cover coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the coronavirus disease that shuts down globally. Recent researches have shown that micronutrient deficiency is commonly associated with compromised immune responses, respiratory tract infections, or even susceptibility to COVID-19. The relationship between Vit A and infection is its role in mucosal epithelium integrity (skin and mucous membrane), the supplementation could be an option for assisted-treating the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a possible prevention of lung infection. Vit C/ascorbic acid stimulates oxygen radical scavenging activity of the skin and enhances epithelial barrier function. Ascorbic acid alone or with other natural compounds (baicalin and theaflavin) may inhibit the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme II in human small alveolar epithelial cells and limited the entry of SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D receptors can be expressed by immune cells, and different immune cells (macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells) can convert Vit D into its active form 1,25-(OH)2 D. Oral vitamin D intake can be a readily way to restrict the viral infection through downregulation of ACE2 receptor and to attenuate the disease severity by decreasing the frequency of cytokine storm and pulmonary pro-inflammatory response. Vit E supports T-cell mediated functions, optimization of Th1 response, and suppression of Th2 response. Vitamin E supplementation can lower the production of superoxides and may favors the antioxidants and benefit the progress of COVID-19 treatment. Zinc plays an essential role in both innate and adaptive immune systems and cytokine production, and Zinc-dependent viral enzymes to initiate the infectious process have proved the Zinc levels are directly associated with symptoms relieved of COVID-19. Iron is an essential component of enzymes involved in the activation of immune cells, lower iron levels predispose to severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, and monitoring the status can predict the disease severity and mortality. Selenium participates in the adaptive immune response by supporting antibody production and development. Deficiency can reduce antibody concentration, decreased cytotoxicity of NK cells, compromised cellular immunity, and an attenuated response to vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccines including three broad categories, protein-based vaccines, gene-based vaccines (mRNA vaccines and DNA vaccines), combination of gene and protein-based vaccines. Micronutrients are involved in immunity from the virus entering the human to innate immune response and adaptive immune response. Micronutrients are indispensable in immune response of vaccination.

The role of vitamin D in selected autoimmune diseases.

The authors of recently published scientific papers are focusing increasingly often on the effect of vitamin D on immune processes. In the case of deficiencies of this vitamin, an imbalance in the immune system is observed, which is associated with the intensification of the inflammatory reaction in the body and the increased possibility of an autoimmune reaction. Therefore, due to the growing interest of scientists in the relationship between the effects of vitamin D and the development of autoimmune diseases, this paper considers the use of Vitamin D in autoimmune therapies. However, the mechanism of vitamin D on individual autoimmune diseases has not been elucidated so far, therefore there is a need for further research. The importance of maintaining normal plasma vitamin D levels to reduce the risk of developing autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated by the authors of other studies. They showed that vitamin D levels influenced the course, severity of symptoms and frequency of relapses of autoimmune thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteosarcopenic adiposity syndrome update and the role of associated minerals and vitamins.

The objectives are to present an updated synopsis on osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome and evaluate the roles of selected micronutrients in its prevention and management. OSA refers to the concurrent deterioration of bone (osteopenia/osteoporosis), muscle (sarcopenia) and adipose tissue expansion. It portrays the most advanced stage in a continuum of body composition disorders. Although OSA has been widely studied involving the populations of different backgrounds, its prevalence is hard to collate because different methodologies and criteria were used for its diagnosis. Another critical health aspect is the presence of low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) which contributes to OSA and vice versa. Nutrition is important in the prevention and management of both OSA and LGCI. Although micronutrients act in numerous metabolic and physiological processes, their roles here are presented in relation to OSA (and its components) and LGCI in general and relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. These include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and vitamins D and K; their interactions, physiological ratios and synergism/antagonism are discussed as well. In conclusion, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D have a profound impact on OSA and its components, and the latter two also on LGCI. Potassium and vitamin K are vital in bone, muscle functioning and possibly adipose tissue modification. Both, but particularly vitamin D, surfaced as important modulators of immune system with application in COVID-19 infections. While both phosphorus and sodium have important roles in bone, muscle and can impact adiposity, due to their abundance in food, their intake should be curbed to prevent possible damaging effects.

Vitamin D in trichology: a comprehensive review of the role of vitamin D and its receptor in hair and scalp disorders.

Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of various biological systems. Beside its well-known function in calcium and phosphate metabolism, it plays a major role in pathophysiology of skin and adnexa. Indeed, vitamin D, through its receptor (VDR), decreases keratinocyte proliferation, improves their differentiation and modulates both cutaneous innate (antimicrobial activity and antigen presentation) and adaptative immunity (T and B lymphocyte function). The maintenance of normal hair is dependant on the integrity of the dermis, epidermis and hair cycles. Beside its effect on epidermal differentiation, VDR plays a vital role in preserving the hair follicle integrity. While the relevance of VDR has been fully elucidated, the real value of vitamin D in the hair follicle cycle still remains uncertain. To date, results in literature remain contradicting and far from definitive; still, the role of vitamin D in the various forms of human alopecia is likely to be significant. The aim of this article is to review evidence about the role of vitamin D and its receptor in trichology, with a focus on scarring and non-scarring alopecia and in particular on the potential therapeutic use of Vitamin D for hair and scalp disorders.

The ABCs of Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities.

Vitamins and minerals are part of a well-balanced diet. They are essential for normal growth and development, which is especially crucial for the pediatric population. Vitamins are divided based on their solubility into fat-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins, which include the B vitamins and vitamin C. Minerals include calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Trace minerals are micronutrients and include copper, zinc, selenium, chromium and manganese. The pediatrician is often the first health care provider to interface with patients, allowing them to pick up on nutritional derangements. This article reviews the basic sources, absorption, metabolism as well as the signs and symptoms that arise in deficient and toxic states of fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. [Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(11):e434-e440.].

Emerging Role of Vitamin D and its Associated Molecules in Pathways Related to Pathogenesis of Thrombosis.

Vitamin D, besides having an essential role in calcium and bone metabolism, also acts as a mediator of many non-calcemic effects through modulations of several biological responses. Vitamin D exists in its two major forms, vitamin D2, or commonly known as ergocalciferol, and vitamin D3, or commonly known as cholecalciferol. Both of these forms bind to vitamin D-binding protein to get transported to all vital target organs, where it serves as a natural ligand to vitamin D receptors for enabling their biological actions. Clinical reports corroborating vitamin D deficiency with an increase in thrombotic episodes implicate the role of vitamin D and its associated molecule in the regulation of thrombosis-related pathways. Thrombosis is the formation and propagation of a blood clot, known as thrombus. It can occur either in the arterial or the venous system resulting in many severe complications, including myocardial infarction, stroke, ischemia, and venous thromboembolism. Vitamin D, directly or indirectly, controls the expression of several genes responsible for the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. All of these are the processes of potential relevance to thrombotic disorders. This review, thus, discussed the effects of vitamin D on pathways involved in thrombosis, such as hemostatic process, inflammatory pathway, and endothelial cell activation, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms associated with them.

Influence of Vitamin D on Corneal Epithelial Cell Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes.

Purpose: We have observed noticably weak epithelial attachment in vitamin D receptor knockout mice (VDR KO) undergoing epithelial debridement. We hypothesized that VDR KO negatively affects corneal epithelial cell desmosomes and/or hemidesmosomes. Methods: Transcript levels of desmosome and hemidesmosome proteins in VDR KO corneas were assessed by qPCR. Western blotting and immunochemistry were used to detect proteins in cultured cells exposed to 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. Results: VDR KO resulted in decreased corneal desmosomal desmoglein 1 (DSG1) and desmocollin 2 (DSC2) mRNA, and hemidesmosomal plectin mRNA. DSG1 and plectin protein expression were reduced in VDR KO corneas. DSG1 protein expression increased in VDR wild types (VDR WT) and VDR KO mouse primary epithelial cells (MPCEC) treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. 24R,25(OH)2D3 treatment resulted in increased plectin and integrin ß4 levels in VDR WT MPCEC, and decreased levels in VDR KO MPCEC. Treatment of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) with 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 resulted in increased DSC2 and DSG1 protein expression. Plectin and integrin ß4 were only increased in 24R,25(OH)2D3 treated HCEC. Conclusions: VDR KO results in reduced desmosomal and hemidesmosomal mRNA and protein levels. 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased DSG1 protein in all cells tested. For hemidesmosome proteins, 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased plectin and integrin ß4 protein expression in VDR WT and HCEC, with decreased expression in VDR KO MPCEC. Thus, vitamin D3 is involved in desmosome and hemidesmosome junction formation/regulation, and their decreased expression likely contributes to the loosely adherent corneal epithelium in VDR KO mice. Our data indicate the presence of a VDR-independent pathway.

Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease.

The mechanisms of action of the dietary components of the Mediterranean diet are reviewed in prevention of cardiovascular disease, stroke, age-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. A companion article provides a comprehensive review of extra-virgin olive oil. The benefits of consumption of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids are described. Fresh fish provides eicosapentaenoic acid while α-linolenic acid is found in canola and soybean oils, purslane and nuts. These ω-3 fatty acids interact metabolically with ω-6 fatty acids mainly linoleic acid from corn oil, sunflower oil and peanut oil. Diets rich in ω-6 fatty acids inhibit the formation of healthier ω-3 fatty acids. The deleterious effects on lipid metabolism of excessive intake of carbohydrates, in particular high-fructose corn syrup and artificial sweeteners, are explained. The critical role of the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the developing and aging brain and in Alzheimer disease is addressed. Nutritional epidemiology studies, prospective population-based surveys, and clinical trials confirm the salutary effects of fish consumption on prevention of coronary artery disease, stroke and dementia. Recent recommendations on fish consumption by pregnant women and potential mercury toxicity are reviewed. The polyphenols and flavonoids of plant origin play a critical role in the Mediterranean diet, because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of benefit in type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke and cancer prevention. Polyphenols from fruits and vegetables modulate tau hyperphosphorylation and beta amyloid aggregation in animal models of Alzheimer disease. From the public health viewpoint worldwide the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables has become the main tool for prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We review the important dietary role of cereal grains in prevention of coronary disease and stroke. Polyphenols from grapes, wine and alcoholic beverages are discussed, in particular their effects on coagulation. The mechanisms of action of probiotics and vitamins are also included.

Potential Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-cancer Activity of Vitamin D.

Vitamin D, or more precisely its active metabolite calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), plays a fundamental role in bone metabolism and differentiation as well as in intestinal absorption of calcium and regulation of calcium-phosphate metabolism. Recent decades have brought about the discovery of the role of calcitriol in processes regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. This creates the potential for numerous therapeutic applications of vitamin D in diseases associated with autoaggressive immune responses or in cancer. This study presents selected issues regarding current knowledge of the anti-cancer mechanisms of vitamin D.

[Vitamin D and pediatrics respiratory diseases]. / Vitamina D y enfermedades respiratorias pediátricas.

The better understanding of the global activity of vitamin D has led to an intense search for its involvement in non-skeletal diseases. This article presents an updated review of the relationship between vitamin D and pediatric respiratory pathology. A literature search was performed in PUBMED using free terms and MESH terms: vitamin D, asthma, respiratory system diseases, and bronchiolitis. Stu dies in human patients younger than 18 years and animals, published in English and Spanish until 2017 were included. 507 articles were found, of which 43 were included. Indirect evidence suggests a role of vitamin D and fetal lung maturation. In relation to pediatric pulmonary pathology, studies are scarce and inconclusive. Recent meta-analyses performed with individualized evaluation of the participants shows an important protective role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of severe asthma exacerbations and acute viral infections. In bronchiolitis, the results are contradictory, with no clear relationship between plasma levels and severity. There is not enough evidence to assess the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis. A direct relationship between the severity of sleep-related breathing disorders and vitamin D plasma levels has recently been proposed, although the exact mechanisms involved in this association are unknown. Current information suggests that vitamin D supplementation may represent a cost-effective strategy in redu cing important causes of infant morbidity and mortality.

Water-Soluble Vitamins in Human Milk Factors Affecting Their Concentration and Their Physiological Significance.

Most B vitamins and vitamin C are among the nutrients in milk most strongly affected by maternal status and/or dietary intake. Recent analytical methods are more efficient and valid, revealing major differences in water-soluble vitamins across population groups. An inadequate supply in milk can be detrimental to the breastfed infant's health and development although cutoff points below which risk is increased are often uncertain, and little attention has been paid to adverse effects of low milk water-soluble vitamins on infant health and function. Concentrations change during lactation: thiamine, niacin, and pantothenic acid increase; B6, B12, and ascorbic acid gradually decrease; while riboflavin concentrations are stable, as is choline after an initial increase. Folate fluctuates until stabilizing in late lactation. Water-soluble vitamin concentrations in milk are also influenced by maternal supplementation, and, for some, by parity, preterm delivery, smoking, and maternal illness. However, there is relatively little change in concentrations during a feed nor is diurnal variation a major influence. Reported concentrations are used to set adequate intakes for infants and incremental requirements for lactation. However, the status of available data is poor due to the small number of participants in most studies, uncertainties about maternal nutritional status, and variable times of milk collection postpartum.

Nutritional and vitamin status in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic located neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are often related to food intake and manifest as abdominal pain or diarrhoea which can influence patients nutritional status. Malnutrition is common in cancer patients and influences quality of life, treatment options and survival but is also present in up to 40% of patients with GEP-NENs. As part of malnutrition there are often deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamin D. Little knowledge exists on trace elements. Several factors influence the development of malnutrition such as size and localisation of the primary tumour as well as metastases, side effects from treatment but also hormone production of the tumour itself. One of the main influencing factors leading to malnutrition is diarrhoea which leads to dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Treatment of diarrhoea should be guided by its cause. Screening for malnutrition should be part of routine care in every GEP-NEN patient. Multidisciplinary treatment including dietician support is necessary for all malnourished patients with GEP-NENs.

Shedding Light on Vitamin D Status and Its Complexities during Pregnancy, Infancy and Childhood: An Australian Perspective.

Ensuring that the entire Australian population is Vitamin D sufficient is challenging, given the wide range of latitudes spanned by the country, its multicultural population and highly urbanised lifestyle of the majority of its population. Specific issues related to the unique aspects of vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and infancy further complicate how best to develop a universally safe and effective public health policy to ensure vitamin D adequacy for all. Furthermore, as Australia is considered a "sunny country", it does not yet have a national vitamin D food supplementation policy. Rickets remains very uncommon in Australian infants and children, however it has been recognised for decades that infants of newly arrived immigrants remain particularly at risk. Yet vitamin D deficiency rickets is entirely preventable, with the caveat that when rickets occurs in the absence of preexisting risk factors and/or is poorly responsive to adequate treatment, consideration needs to be given to genetic forms of rickets.

The Role of Nutrients in Reducing the Risk for Noncommunicable Diseases during Aging.

An increasing aging population worldwide accounts for a growing share of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) of the overall social and economic burden. Dietary and nutritional approaches are of paramount importance in the management of NCDs. As a result, nutrition programs are increasingly integrated into public health policies. At present, programs aimed at reducing the burden of NCDs have focused mostly on the excess of unhealthy nutrient intakes whereas the importance of optimizing adequate essential and semi-essential nutrient intakes and nutrient-rich diets has received less attention. Surveys indicate that nutrient intakes of the aging population are insufficient to optimally support healthy aging. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in older adults are related to increased risk of NCDs including fatigue, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive and neuromuscular function impairments. Reviewed literature demonstrates that improving intake for certain nutrients may be important in reducing progress of NCDs such as musculoskeletal disorders, dementia, loss of vision, and cardiometabolic diseases during aging. Current knowledge concerning improving individual nutrient intakes to reduce progression of chronic disease is still emerging with varying effect sizes and levels of evidence. Most pronounced benefits of nutrients were found in participants who had low nutrient intake or status at baseline or who had increased genetic and metabolic needs for that nutrient. Authorities should implement ways to optimize essential nutrient intake as an integral part of their strategies to address NCDs.

Spermidine: a physiological autophagy inducer acting as an anti-aging vitamin in humans?

Spermidine is a natural polyamine that stimulates cytoprotective macroautophagy/autophagy. External supplementation of spermidine extends lifespan and health span across species, including in yeast, nematodes, flies and mice. In humans, spermidine levels decline with aging, and a possible connection between reduced endogenous spermidine concentrations and age-related deterioration has been suggested. Recent epidemiological data support this notion, showing that an increased uptake of this polyamine with spermidine-rich food diminishes overall mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Here, we discuss nutritional and other possible routes to counteract the age-mediated decline of spermidine levels.

Coenzyme Q10: From bench to clinic in aging diseases, a translational review.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous molecule present in all eukaryotic organisms whose principal role in the cell is related to its participation in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. CoQ10 plays a major role in the control of cell redox status, and both the amount and functionality of this molecule have been related to the regulation of reactive oxygen species generation. Numerous reports can be found discussing the implications of CoQ10 supplementation in human studies and clinical trials related to aging. However, few reviews have made an updating through the translational point of view to integrate both basic and clinical aspects. The aim of this paper is to review our current knowledge from CoQ10 implications at biochemical and physiological level, in order to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in its application in clinical practice. Although the importance of CoQ10 has been mainly attributed to its role as an agent for energy transduction in mitochondria, new functions for CoQ10 have been described in the recent past years, including anti-inflammatory effects, gene expression regulation and lipid bilayer membranes stabilization, which explain its involvement in aging and age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, renal failure and neurodegenerative diseases.

Vitamina D y enfermedades respiratorias pediátricas / Vitamin D and pediatrics respiratory diseases

Resumen: El mejor entendimiento sobre la actividad global de la vitamina D, ha llevado a una intensa búsque da de sus implicancias en enfermedades no esqueléticas. En este artículo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la relación entre la vitamina D y la patología respiratoria pediátrica. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED utilizando términos libres y MESH: vitamina D, enfermedades del sistema respiratorio, asma, bronquiolitis. Se seleccionó estudios en humanos menores de 18 años y animales, publicados en inglés y español hasta el 2017. Se encontraron 507 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 43. Evidencia indirecta apunta hacia un rol de la vitamina D y la maduración pulmonar fetal. En relación a la patología pulmonar pediátrica, los estudios son escasos y poco concluyentes. Nuevos meta - análisis, con evaluación individualizada de los participantes, muestran un importante rol protector de la suplementación en la prevención de exacerbaciones asmáticas severas e infecciones virales agudas. En bronquiolitis los resultados son contradictorios, sin relación clara entre niveles plasmáticos y severidad. No existe suficiente evidencia que evalué los beneficios en fibrosis quística y tuberculosis. Recientemente se ha propuesto una relación directa entre la severidad de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño y los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D, aunque se desconoce los mecanismos exactos involucrados a esta asociación. La información actual permite suponer que la suplementación de vitamina D puede representar una estrategia costo - efectiva en la reducción de importantes causas de morbimortalidad infantil.

Abstract: The better understanding of the global activity of vitamin D has led to an intense search for its involvement in non-skeletal diseases. This article presents an updated review of the relationship between vitamin D and pediatric respiratory pathology. A literature search was performed in PUBMED using free terms and MESH terms: vitamin D, asthma, respiratory system diseases, and bronchiolitis. Stu dies in human patients younger than 18 years and animals, published in English and Spanish until 2017 were included. 507 articles were found, of which 43 were included. Indirect evidence suggests a role of vitamin D and fetal lung maturation. In relation to pediatric pulmonary pathology, studies are scarce and inconclusive. Recent meta-analyses performed with individualized evaluation of the participants shows an important protective role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of severe asthma exacerbations and acute viral infections. In bronchiolitis, the results are contradictory, with no clear relationship between plasma levels and severity. There is not enough evidence to assess the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis. A direct relationship between the severity of sleep-related breathing disorders and vitamin D plasma levels has recently been proposed, although the exact mechanisms involved in this association are unknown. Current information suggests that vitamin D supplementation may represent a cost-effective strategy in redu cing important causes of infant morbidity and mortality.

Vitamin D and Calcimimetics in Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular disease has earned its place as one of the leading noncommunicable diseases that has become a modern-day global epidemic. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has added to this enormous burden, given that CKD is now recognized as an established risk factor for accelerated cardiovascular disease. In fact, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the CKD population, with significant prognostic implications. Alterations in vitamin D levels as renal function declines has been linked invariably to the development of cardiovascular disease beyond a mere epiphenomenon, and has become an important focus in recent years in our search for new therapies. Another compound, cinacalcet, which belongs to the calcimimetic class of agents, also has taken center stage over the past few years as a potential cardiovasculoprotective agent. However, given limited well-designed randomized trials to inform us, our clinical practice for the management of cardiovascular disease in CKD has not been adequately refined. This article considers the biological mechanisms, regulation, and current experimental, clinical, and trial data available to help guide the therapeutic use of vitamin D and calcimimetics in the setting of CKD and cardiovascular disease.

Role of L-carnitine in female infertility.

BACKGROUND: L-carnitine (LC), and its acetylated form, acetyl L-carnitine (ALC), have immense functional capabilities to regulate the oxidative and metabolic status of the female reproductive system. The vulnerability of this system to free radicals demand for advanced strategies to combat them. For this purpose, the 'quasi vitamins' LC and ALC can be used either individually, or in combination with each other or with other antioxidants. MAIN BODY: This review (a) summarizes the effects of carnitines on female fertility along with the findings from various in vivo and in vitro studies involving human, animal and assisted reproductive technology, and (b) proposes their mechanism of actions in improving female fertility through their integrated actions on reducing cellular stress, maintaining hormonal balance and enhancing energy production. They reportedly aid ß-oxidation in oocytes, maintain its cell membrane stability by acetylation of phospholipids and amphiphilic actions, prevent free radical-induced DNA damage and also stabilize acetyl Co-A/Co-A ratio for adequate acetyl storage as energy supply to maintain the robustness of reproductive cells. CONCLUSION: While both LC and ALC have their applications in improving female fertility, ALC is preferred for its better antioxidant properties and LC for amelioration of energy supply to the cells. These beneficial effects show great promise in its application as a treatment option for women facing infertility disorders.